Hausdorff dimension of limit sets for projective Anosov representations

We study the relation between critical exponents and Hausdorff dimensions of limit sets for projective Anosov representations. We prove that the Hausdorff dimension of the symmetric limit set in $\mathbf{P}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) \times \mathbf{P}({\mathbb{R}^{n}}^*)$ is bounded between two critical exponents associated respectively to a highest weight and a simple root.

Let Γ be a discrete group of isometries of a metric space (X, d). A well-known metric invariant of Γ is its critical exponent, which measures the exponential growth rate of its orbits. It can be defined by where x is any base point in X.
When (X, d) is the hyperbolic space H n and Γ is convex-cocompact (i.e. acts cocompactly on a non-empty convex subset of H n ), Sullivan [Sul79] proved that the critical exponent of Γ equals the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of Γ inside ∂ ∞ H n . The proof relies on the Ahlfors regularity of the Patterson-Sullivan measure on the limit set.
This famous theorem has known a number of generalizations. See for instance [DOP00,Rob03,Coo93] for generalizations to other discrete groups acting on hyperbolic spaces. This paper is mainly interested in extensions to other non-positively curved geometries. A fairly general version of Sullivan's theorem was given by Coornaert for a discrete group Γ acting convex-cocompactly on a Gromov hyperbolic space X [Coo93, Corollaire 7.6]. In this setting, the critical exponent equals the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of Γ in ∂ ∞ X measured with respect to Gromov's "quasidistance" on the boundary (see Section 3.1). When X is a Riemannian manifold with variable negative curvature, however, this metric typically differs from the visual metric (obtained by identifying the boundary at infinity with the tangent sphere at a basepoint). For instance, the visual metric on the boundary of the complex hyperbolic space H n C is the round metric on the unit sphere in C n , while the Gromov metric coincides with the Carnot-Caratheodory metric.
There have also been several important works generalizing Patterson-Sullivan theory to discrete subgroups of a semi-simple Lie group G of higher rank acting on its symmetric space X [Lin04,Qui02b]. A new feature of the higher rank is the existence of several critical exponents corresponding to several G-invariant "metrics" on X. Quint studied in [Qui02b] the dependence of those critical exponents on such a choice and constructed analogs of Patterson-Sullivan measures on the space G/P min , where P min is a minimal parabolic subgroup (see Section 2.4).
The recently developed theory of Anosov subgroups of higher rank Lie groups motivates a further investigation of these generalizations. Anosov subgroups are in many aspects the "right" generalization of convex cocompact groups in rank 1. In particular, they are Gromov hyperbolic, and their Gromov boundary is realized geometrically as a limit set in some flag variety G/P . It is natural to ask how the Hausdorff dimension of this limit set relates to the different critical exponents of the group.
An important feature of this new context is that the action of G on G/P is far from conformal as soon as the rank of G is at least 2. This makes Hausdorff dimensions of attractors hard to track (see [PSW21] for further discussion).

Main results.
The present work focuses on projective Anosov subgroups of SL(n, R). We explain in Section 2.3 that general Anosov subgroups of a semi-simple Lie group G can be seen as projective Anosov groups after composing with a suitably chosen linear representation (see also [GGKW17,Section 3
These critical exponents are relevant for different reasons: the projective Anosov property means that µ 1 (γ) − µ 2 (γ) grows linearly with the word length of γ, so δ 1,2 (Γ) can be seen as a "measure" of the Anosov property. The critical exponent δ 1,n (Γ) is the critical exponent associated to the Hilbert metric on SL(n, R)/SO(n) seen as the projectivization of the cone of positive definite quadratic forms on R n . Our main result compares these two critical exponents with the Hausdorff dimension of ξ sym (∂ ∞ Γ) with respect to a Riemannian metric on P(R n ) × P(R n * ).
Our first comparison result between Hausdorff dimensions concerns strongly projectively convex-cocompact subgroups of SL(n, R), introduced by Crampon and Marquis [CM14]. It is shown in [DGK17] that these groups are projective Anosov.
• ρ red (Γ) is not convex cocompact and Similar results where obtained simultaneously by Pozzetti-Sambarino-Wienhard [PSW21] and, shortly after the first version of this paper appeared on arXiv, by Dey and Kapovich [DK19].
Let us now discuss further our main theorem.
Lower inequality. The main motivation for the lower inequality in Theorem 1.1 was to generalize the following theorem of Crampon: Cra11]). Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a Gromov hyperbolic group acting properly discontinuously and cocompactly on a strictly convex open domain Ω in P(R n ). Then with equality if and only if Γ is conjugate to a subgroup of SO(n − 1, 1) (in which case Ω is projectively equivalent to the hyperbolic space H n−1 ).
For Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) strongly projectively convex-cocompact, we initially hoped to prove the a priori stronger inequality But several attempts with slightly different methods always led to a "symmetric" version of the limit set. This raised the following question: While our naïve intuition leaned towards a positive answer, the following case might actually provide a counter-example: Let Γ be a lattice in SL(2, R), u : Γ → R 2 a function satisfying the cocycle relation and let ρ u be the representation of Γ into SL(3, R) given by On the other side, the dual limit set ξ * u (∂ ∞ Γ) is not a projective line as soon as u is not a coboundary 2 and it could plausibly have Hausdorff dimension > 1.
In that case we also have that µ n (γ) = −µ 1 (γ) for all γ ∈ Γ, so that Those strongly projectively convex-cocompact groups preserving a non degenerate quadratic form are precisely the H p,q -convex cocompact groups introduced in [DGK18], whose critical exponent was studied by the first two authors in [GM18]. There, the authors introduce a pseudo-hyperbolic critical exponent δ H p,q (Γ) and prove that it coincides with δ 1 (Γ). Theorem 1.1 thus gives an alternative proof of the inequality 1 Indeed, for u small enough, this follows from the openness of the Anosov property, and moreover, ρu is conjugated to ρεu for all ε > 0.
2 Recall that a cocycle u is a coboundary if there exists v ∈ R 2 such that u(γ) = γ · v − v for all γ ∈ Γ.
A rigidity statement in that context was obtained by Collier-Tholozan-Toulisse in [CTT17] for H 2,q -convex cocompact surface groups, which are the images of fundamental groups of closed surfaces by maximal representations into SO(2, q + 1). Their limit set is a Lipschitz curve (of Hausdorff dimension 1), and they prove that the critical exponent δ 1 is ≤ 1, with equality if and only if the group is contained in SO(2, 1) × SO(q) (up to conjugation and finite index). Together with Crampon's theorem, this leads us to formulate the following conjecture: Conjecture 1.5. Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a strongly projectively convex cocompact subgroup. If 2δ 1,n = DimH(ξ sym (∂ ∞ Γ)), then Γ is conjugated to a subgroup of SO(n − 1, 1).
Upper inequality. The upper inequality DimH(ξ sym (∂ ∞ Γ)) ≤ δ 1,2 (Γ) is proven independently by Pozzetti-Sambarino-Wienhard in [PSW21]. There, they also find a sufficient criterion for this inequality to be an equality. This criterion is satisfied by many families of Anosov groups, showing in particular that the equality can be stable under small deformations of Γ. Their work generalizes a result of Potrie-Sambarino for surface groups embedded in SL(n, R) via a Hitchin representation. They are in stark contrast with the rigidity phenomena for the δ 1,n discussed above.
The groups to which this theorem applies are the fundamental groups of globally hyperbolic Cauchy compact anti-de Sitter spacetimes studied by Mess [Mes07]. They form a connected component in the space of surface groups embedded in SL(2, R) × SL(2, R) ≃ SO(2, 2). This class of examples is not covered by the main result of On the other hand, a Fuchsian group of SL(2, R) embedded reducibly in SL(3, R) gives an example where DimH(ξ sym (Γ)) < δ 1,2 . Determining a necessary and sufficient criterion for the equality to hold seems difficult.
1.3. Further results and strategy of the proof.
Section 2 introduces the background of this work (Anosov groups, critical exponents, convex projective geometry). In particular, we explain in Section 2.3.1 how any Anosov subgroup of a semisimple Lie group G defines a projective Anosov group after composing with a suitably chosen linear representation τ of G. In Section 2.4 we introduce the various critical exponents δ α (Γ) of an Anosov group Γ ⊂ G (depending on a choice of linear form α on a Cartan subalgebra of G) and we prove a fairly general result about when these critical exponents coincide with the corresponding entropy h α (Γ) (see Definition 2.29).
In Section 3, we prove the lower inequality of Theorem 1.1. The proof follows a strategy similar to that of [GM18], with the Hilbert geometry of Ω replacing the pseudo-Riemannian geometry of H p,q . More precisely, we first notice that 2δ 1,n (Γ) coincides with the critical exponent of Γ acting on Ω equiped with its Hilbert metric. Applying a theorem of Coornaert (Theorem 3.4), we deduce the equality the Hausdorff dimension of ∂ ∞ Γ equipped with Gromov's quasidistance d Gromov (see Definition 3.2). Finally, we prove that, for any Gromov hyperbolic convex set Ω ⊂ P(R n ), there exists a constant C such that, for any p, q ∈ ∂Ω, where p * and q * denote respectively the hyperplanes tangent to Ω at p and q and d and d * denote Riemannian distances on P(R n ) and P(R n * ) respectively. The inequality then follows from elementary comparison results between Hausdorff dimensions.
Section 4 is devoted to the proof of the second upper inequality in Theorem 1.1. Let Γ be a projective Anosov subgroup of SL(n, R). Roughly speaking, e µ2(γ)−µ1(γ) controls the Lipschitz factor of an element γ ∈ Γ on a large part of P(R n ). This allows us to cover ξ(∂ ∞ Γ) by balls with radii controlled by e µ2(γ)−µ1(γ) , giving an upper bound on its Hausdorff dimension.

Acknowledgements.
While writing this paper, we have been informed that Beatrice Pozzetti, Andres Sambarino and Anna Wienhard were working on similar results. We thank them for sharing their work in progress.
Nicolas Tholozan's research is partially supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche through the grant DynGeo (ANR-11-BS01-013) Olivier Glorieux acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant DiGGeS, grant agreement No 715982).

Background
In this section, we introduce some background to our work. We start by stating a few basic properties of Hausdorff dimension (Section 2.1). In Section 2.2 we recall some fundamentals of Lie theory. In Section 2.3, we introduce Anosov subgroups of semisimple Lie groups and explain how to embed then as projective Anosov subgroups of SL(n, R). In Section 2.4 we introduce their various critical exponents and entropies, and prove some comparison results between them. Finally, in Section 2.5, we introduce strongly projectively convex-cocompact groups, following [DGK17].

Hausdorff dimension.
Let (X, d) be a metric space. For s > 0, the Hausdorff measure of X of dimension s is defined by Here, the infimum is taken over all countable covers of X by balls of radius less than ε. One can show that there exists a critical parameter s 0 > 0 such that H s (X, d) = +∞ for all s < s 0 and H s (X, d) = 0 for all s > s 0 . This number s 0 is called the Hausdorff dimension of (X, d) and is denoted by DimH(X, d).
In this paper, we will compare the Hausdorff dimension of different metrics on a compact set. The classical following proposition summarizes the comparison properties that we will need.
Proposition 2.1. Let d and d ′ be two distances on a space X. If there exists C and α > 0 such that In particular, if d and d ′ are bi-Lipschitz, then Assume now that X is a compact subset of a smooth manifold M . Any two Riemannian metrics on M are bi-Lipschitz equivalent in a neighbourhood of X. Hence the Hausdorff dimension of X with the induced distance is independent of the choice of such a metric. We denote this Hausdorff dimension by DimH(X) and we have: where d is the distance induced by any Riemannian metric on M .
2.2.1. Cartan subspaces and restricted roots. We present in this subsection the basic structure theory of semi-simple real Lie groups. A detailed exposition of this theory can be found in [Ebe96]. Let G be a real semisimple Lie group with finite center, K a maximal compact subgroup of G and X = G/K the symmetric space of G. We denote by g the Lie algebra of G and by k ⊂ g the Lie algebra of K. Let p denote the orthogonal of k with respect to the Killing form of g. A Cartan subspace a is a maximal Abelian subalgebra of p.
A restricted root is a non-zero linear form α on a for which there exists u ∈ g\{0} such that ad a (u) = α(a)u for all a ∈ a. We will denote by ∆ the set of restricted roots. From now on, restricted roots will be called roots for simplicity.
The Weyl group W (a) is the finite group N (a)/Z(a), where N (a) and Z(a) denote respectively the normalizer and the centralizer of a in K. The kernels of the restricted roots cut a into fundamental domains for the action of W (a). Choosing a connected component of a\ α∈∆ ker α, we define the set of positive roots ∆ + as the roots that are positive on this connected component, and the Weyl chamber as the closure of this connected component, i.e.
The Weyl chamber is a convex cone. We denote by a * + the dual convex cone, i.e. a * + = {α ∈ a * | α |a+ ≥ 0} . With those choices, the simple roots are the positive roots that are not a positive linear combination of other positive roots. They form a basis of a * . We denote by ∆ s the set of simple roots.
Finally there is a unique element w ∈ W (a) such that −w preserves a + . The transformation −w is an involution called the opposition involution and denoted by ι. The opposition involution preserves ∆ s . Main example. The main example we will be interested in here is when G is the group SL(n, R). A canonical choice for a maximal compact subgroup K is the subgroup SO(n, R) of orthogonal matrices. The symmetric space X n = SL(n, R)/SO(n) can be identified with the space of scalar products on R n up to scaling, with the standard scalar product as base point o.
The Lie algebra k is the space of anti-symmetric matrices and its orthogonal p ⊂ sl(n, R) is the space of symmetric matrices of trace 0. A canonical choice of Cartan subspace is a = {Diagonal matrices of trace 0} = {diag(λ 1 , ..., λ n ), i λ i = 0}. The Weyl group is the symmetric group S n acting by permuting the eigenvalues. Denote by ε i ∈ a * the linear form on a corresponding to the i-th eigenvalue. The restricted roots are the

Cartan projections. From now on, we always assume a fixed choice of
• a maximal compact subgroup K, • a Cartan subalgebra a ⊂ p, • a Weyl chamber a + ⊂ a, with associated positive roots ∆ + and simple roots ∆ s . Note that the choice of a maximal compact subgroup K corresponds to the choice of a base point o = Fix(K) in the symmetric space X.
Theorem 2.2 (Cartan decomposition). For every g ∈ G, there is a unique vector µ(g) ∈ a + such that g = k exp(µ(g))k ′ for some k, k ′ ∈ K. The map µ : G → a + is called the Cartan projection.
Remark 2.3. The Cartan projections of g and its inverse are related by the following formula: This relation characterizes the opposition involution.
The Cartan projection allows to define a "vector valued distance" on the symmetric space X. If x and y are two points in X, we define where g and h are elements of G such that g · o = x and h · o = y. This is a vector valued distance in the following sense: if · is a W (a)-invariant norm on a, then is a G-invariant Finsler distance on X. In particular, if · eucl is the Euclidean norm on a given by the Killing form, then Benoist showed that the Cartan projection satisfies a generalized triangle inequality: for all g ∈ G and all l, l ′ ∈ L.
In particular, given two points x and y ∈ X, there is a constant C (depending on x and y) such that 2.2.3. Jordan projections. For a restricted root α ∈ ∆ we denote by g α := {u ∈ g, ad a (u) = α(a)u, ∀a ∈ a} the corresponding eigenspace. We denote by A + := exp(a + ) and N = exp(⊕ α∈∆ + g α ).
An element of G is called elliptic (resp. hyperbolic, unipotent ) if it is conjugated to an element of K (resp. A + , N ).
there is a unique triple (g e , g h , g p ) of commuting elements, such that g e is elliptic, g h hyperbolic and g p unipotent, that satisfies: g = g e g h g p .
Definition 2.6. The Jordan projection of g is the element λ(g) ∈ a + such that g h is conjugated to exp(λ(g)).
While the Cartan projection depends on the choice of a base point in X, the Jordan projection is a conjugacy invariant. One has the following alternative definition of λ(g): Proposition 2.7. For every g ∈ G, Remark 2.8. Similarly to the Cartan projection, we have the following relation: Main example. The Cartan decomposition for SL(n, R) is usually called the polar decomposition, and the Cartan projection associates to a matrix g ∈ SL(n, R) the logarithm of the eigenvalues of g t g in decreasing order. We will denote by µ i (g) = ε i (µ(g)) the i-eigenvalue of the Cartan projection of g.
The decomposition g = g e g h g p in that case is sometimes called the Dunford decomposition. The Jordan projection associates to g the logarithms of the moduli of the complex eigenvalues of g, in decreasing order. We will denote similarly by λ i (g) = ε i (λ(g)) the i th eigenvalue of the Jordan projection of g.

Anosov groups.
Anosov subgroups of higher rank Lie groups have been introduced by Labourie [Lab06] as a reasonable generalization of convex-cocompact subgroups in rank 1. The original definition for deformations of uniform lattices in rank 1 was extended by Guichard and Wienhard to Gromov hyperbolic groups. More recently, Gueritaud-Guichard-Kassel-Wienhard [GGKW17] and Kapovich-Leeb-Porti [KLP17] independently gave a characterization of Anosov subgroups in terms of their Cartan projections. While the first team assumes a priori that the group is hyperbolic, the second team shows moreover that their condition implies Gromov hyperbolicity. Here, following [Gui17], we use their characterization as a definition.
Let G be a semisimple Lie group. Fix a choice of K, a and a + as before. Let Θ be a non-empty subset of the set of simple roots ∆ s .
for all γ ∈ Γ and all θ ∈ Θ. (Here, |g| denotes the word length of g with respect to a finite generating set.) The definition implies in particular that Γ is discrete and quasi-isometrically embedded in G. One of the nice features of this definition is that it forces Γ to have some "negatively curved behaviour": Remark 2.11. Since Γ is invariant by g → g −1 this definition readily implies that a Θ-Anosov subgroup is also ι(Θ)-Anosov, and thus Θ sym -Anosov, where Θ sym = Θ∪ι(Θ). There is thus no loss of generality in assuming that Θ is invariant by the opposition involution.
Main example. Let us describe more properties of Anosov subgroups in a specific case. In the next section, we will explain how to reduce the general case to this specific case.
Definition 2.12. A finitely generated group Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) is called projective Anosov if there exist constants α, A > 0 such that Remark 2.13. By definition, a projective Anosov subgroup is Θ-Anosov for Θ = {α 1,2 }. Since the opposition involution sends α 1,2 to α n−1,n , projective Anosov subgroups are actually Θ sym -Anosov for Θ sym = {α 12 , α n−1,n } The group SL(n, R) acts on the projective space P(R n ) = {lines in R n } and on the "dual" projective space P(R n * ) = {hyperplanes in R n }. Recall that the Gromov boundary ∂ ∞ Γ of a Gromov hyperbolic group Γ is a compact metrizable space on which Γ acts by homeomorphisms. The following theorem says that the Gromov boundary of a projective Anosov subgroup is "realized" in the projective space: Theorem 2.14.
[ [Lab06], [KLP17]] Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a projective Anosov subgroup. Then there exist Γ-equivariant continuous maps ξ : ∂ ∞ Γ → P(R n ) and ξ * : These maps are moreover strongly dynamics preserving in the following sense: for A consequence of the strongly dynamics preserving property is that every element γ ∈ Γ of infinite order is proximal : its action on P(R n ) has a unique attracting fixed point ξ(γ + ) ∈ P(R n ), with basin of attraction P(R n )\ξ * (γ − ) (here γ + and γ − denote respectively the attracting and repelling fixed points of γ in ∂ ∞ Γ).
2.3.1. Fundamental weights and fundamental representations. Here, we explain how to interpret the Θ-Anosov property as several projective Anosov properties, via linear representations of the Lie group G. The content of this section is already described in [GGKW17, Section 3].
Let · | · denote a scalar product on a * invariant under the Weyl group action.
Definition 2.15. The fundamental weight w θ associated to a simple root θ is the unique element of a * such that where δ α,θ is the Kronecker symbol.
Remark 2.17. The equalities above hold when replacing Cartan projections with Jordan projections.
Remark 2.18. The fundamental representation ρ θ•ι is dual to the the representation ρ θ .
The following proposition easily follows from the definitions of Anosov representation: Proposition 2.19. Let Γ be a finitely generated subgroup of G and Θ be a non-empty Example 2.20. For G = SL(n, R), let θ i denote the simple root α i,i+1 then the fundamental weight w i = w θi associated to θ i is the linear form ε 1 + . . . + ε i , and the fundamental representation ρ θi is the representation of dimension n i given by the 4 These properties actually do not characterize a representation, but they do if we assume moreover that k θ is minimal. When G is the split real form of a complex Lie group (such as SL(n, R)), we can have k θ = 1.
Taking tensor products of fundamental representations, one obtains representations for which µ 1 − µ 2 captures the behaviour of several simple roots at once. Given Θ a non-empty subset of simple roots, denote by ρ θ : G → SL(V θ ) the fundamental representations associated to each θ ∈ Θ and by As a corollary we obtain the following: The behaviour of the limit maps under these tensor products is given by the following proposition. Let Γ ⊂ G be a Θ-Anosov subgroup and let ξ θ : ∂ ∞ Γ → P(V θ ) be the boundary map associated to ρ θ (Γ), seen as a projective Anosov subgroup of of SL(V θ ).
Remark 2.24. The boundary map ξ Θ takes values in the algebraic set of pure tensors in P θ∈Θ V θ which is canonically isomorphic to θ∈Θ P(V θ ). Example 2.25. Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a projective Anosov subgroup. Then Γ is Θ-Anosov with Θ = {α 1,2 , α n−1,n }. Let V denote the space R n seen as the standard representation of SL(n, R). Then ρ Θ : SL(n, R) → SL(V ⊗ V * ) is the tensor product of the standard representation and its dual.
If ξ : ∂ ∞ Γ → P(V ) and ξ * : ∂ ∞ Γ → P(V * ) denote the boundary maps from Theorem 2.14, then the boundary map associated to ρ Θ is the map For future use, we introduce the following notations. Given a subset Θ of ∆ s , we define Remark 2.26. The motivation to consider such a subset of linear forms comes from the counting of elements of the group, as we will see in the next section. For a Θ-Anosov subgroup Γ, we know that the Cartan projections of elements of Γ lie in a closed cone contained in a + (Θ). In particular, ϕ(µ(g)) grows linearly with |g| for all ϕ ∈ a * + (Θ).
Main example. Let G be SL(n, R) and Θ = {α 1,2 , α n−1,n }. We then have Thus the set a + (Θ) consists of diagonal matrices for which there is a spectral gap between the two highest, and between the two lowest eigenvalues. Finally, a * + (Θ) is the set of linear forms on a which are strictly positive on a + except maybe on the walls of the Weyl chambers defined by the equality of the two highest (resp. smallest) eigenvalues. In coordinates this means that any linear form ϕ ∈ a * + (Θ) can be written

Critical exponents and entropies.
The critical exponent of a discrete group of isometries of a metric space is the exponential growth rate of the orbit of a basepoint. In the case of a discrete subgroup Γ of a higher rank semisimple Lie group G acting on its symmetric space X, one can define a critical exponent for each G-invariant distance on X, and more generally for every choice of a way of measuring the "size" of Cartan projections. Following Quint [Qui02a], we focus here on non-negative linear forms on the Weyl chamber.
Definition 2.27. Let Γ be a discrete subgroup of G and ϕ a linear form on a which is non-negative on the Weyl chamber. We define the ϕ-critical exponent of Γ as In full generality, δ ϕ (Γ) has no reason to be finite. However, for finitely generated groups, Quint showed in [Qui02a] that δ ϕ (Γ) is finite as soon as ϕ is positive on the limit cone of Γ, defined as Applying his results to the case of Anosov representations gives the following Proposition 2.28 (Quint, [Qui02a]). Let Θ be a non-empty subset of ∆ s . Then δ ϕ (Γ) < +∞ for every linear form ϕ in a * + (Θ) and every Θ-Anosov subgroup Γ. Moreover, the map ϕ → δ ϕ is convex and homogeneous of degree −1 on a * + (Θ). In a similar way, one can consider the exponential growth rate of the Jordan projections.
Definition 2.29. Let Γ be a discrete subgroup of G and ϕ a linear form on a which is non-negative on the Weyl chamber. We define the ϕ-entropy of Γ as where [Γ] denotes the set of conjugacy classes in Γ.
The term "entropy" comes from the analogy with the geodesic flow of a closed negatively curved manifold, whose closed orbits are in bijection with conjugacy classes in the fundamental group, and whose topological entropy equals the exponential growth rate of lengths of closed orbits. In the case where ϕ is a linear combination of the fundamental weights w θ , θ ∈ Θ, this is more than an analogy: one can associate to a Θ-Anosov subgroup Γ of G a flow on a compact metric space, whose orbits are in bijection with conjugacy classes in Γ, and such that the length of the orbit associated to g is given by ϕ(λ(g)). This flow has a hyperbolicity property, and its topological entropy is h ϕ (see for instance [Sam14]).
For sufficiently nice discrete groups of isometries of a negatively curved manifold, the critical exponent equals the entropy. For a Zarisky dense Θ-Anosov group, Sambarino obtained in [Sam14] precise counting estimates for implying in particular that h ϕ (Γ) = δ ϕ (Γ) when ϕ is a linear combination of the fundamental weights {w θ , θ ∈ Θ}. The tools he uses, however, do not seem to apply to simple root critical exponents in general. Here we prove the equality δ ϕ = h ϕ whenever we manage to generalize the classical arguments that work in negative curvature.
For the sake of clarity, let us first state our result in the main case of interest for us.
This theorem will be a particular case of a more general result for Θ-Anosov subgroups of a semi-simple Lie group G. Recall that C * (Θ) denotes the set of nonnegative linear combinations of the simple roots θ ∈ Θ. Let us denote by W (Θ) the span of {w θ , θ ∈ Θ}, and define . The conditions on ϕ might look exotic, but they will appear naturally in view of Corollary 2.36. Main example. Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a projective Anosov subgroup, which is thus Θ-Anosov for Θ = {α 1,2 , α n−1,n }. The fundamental weights associated to α 1,2 and α 1,n are respectively ε 1 and ε n . Therefore, α 1,2 belongs to D * (Θ) ∩ a * + (Θ) and α 1,n belongs to W (Θ) ∩ a * + (Θ). Thus Theorem 2.31 implies Theorem 2.30. Remark 2.32. The second part of Theorem 2.31 actually holds as soon as the Zariski closure of Γ is semisimple (by simply restricting to the Zariski closure). A typical example where we don't know whether the equality δ 1,2 = h 1,2 holds is a deformation of a projective Anosov subgroup of SL(n, R) inside Aff(R n ) ⊂ SL(n + 1, R).
Recall that an element g ∈ SL(n, R) is called proximal if it has an attracting fixed point in P(R n ). Equivalently, g is proximal if it satisfies λ 1 (g) > λ 2 (g). The attracting point of g is then the eigenline L + (g) for the (necessarily real) eigenvalue ±e λ1(g) , and its basin of attraction is the complement of an invariant hyperplane H − (g). We will need a quantified version of proximality. The following definition is adapted from [GW12, Definition 5.6]. We equip P(R n ) with the round metric induced by the standard scalar product of R n and denote by d P the associated distance. If L is a line in R n and H a linear hyperplane, we denote by d P (L, H) the distance between L (seen as a point in P(R n )) and H (seen as a projective hyperplane). If H, H ′ are two projective hyperplanes, we denote by d P (H, H ′ ) their Hausdorff distance.
Note that, if g is (r, ε)-proximal, then d(L + (g), H − (g)) > r and where d x g is the derivative of g at x ∈ P(R n ).
We need to compare the Cartan and Jordan projections of proximal elements, this will be the purpose of Lemma 2.35. We will use the following elementary topological result: Proposition 2.34. Let G be a locally compact group acting transitively on a Hausdorff space X and let x be a point in X. Then for all compact subset M of X there exists a compact set M ′ of G such that M ⊂ M ′ · x.
Proof. Let M 0 be a compact neighborhood of the identity in G. Since G acts transitively on X, g∈G g • M 0 · x ⊃ M . By compactness of M we can extract a finite cover, Then M ′ = i∈{1,m} g i M 0 fulfills the conclusion of the Lemma.
Proof of Lemma 2.35. Taking the fundamental linear representation ρ θ , it is sufficient to prove the inequalities for g ∈ SL(n, R) and θ = α 1,2 . For the first inequality, note that where u 1 is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue of g of highest module. We conclude that w θ (µ(g)) = µ 1 (g) ≥ λ 1 (g) = w θ (λ(g)) .
Now, fix r > 0. The subset of M of P(R n ) × P(R n * ) consisting of pairs of a line L and a hyperplane H such that d(L, H) ≥ r is a compact subset of the set of pairs (L, H) which are in general position. Since SL(n, R) is locally compact and acts transitively on this latter set, by Proposition 2.34, there exists a compact set M ′ ⊂ SL(n, R) such that M ⊂ M ′ · ([e 1 ], e ⊥ 1 ). By compactness, there exists a constant C such that the action of every m ∈ M ′ on P(R n ) is C-bilipschitz.
It follows that (µ 1 − µ 2 )(g) ≤ (λ 1 − λ 2 )(g) + 2D. We also have A result of Abels-Margulis-Soifer ensures that in a Zariski dense subgroup of a semisimple linear group, it is possible to make all elements (r, ε)-loxodromic up to left multiplication by a finite set.
Lemma 2.37 ([AMS95, Theorem 6.8]). Let Γ be a Zariski dense subgroup of G. Then there exists r > 0 such that, for any ε > 0 there is a finite subset F of Γ such that, for every γ ∈ Γ, there exists f ∈ F such that f γ is (r, ε)-loxodromic.
If Γ is not assumed to be Zariski dense, then it may not contain loxodromic elements. However, if Γ is Θ-Anosov, it certainly contains Θ-proximal elements, and we have the analogous statement: Lemma 2.38 ([GW12, Theorem 5.9]). Let Γ be a (not necessarily Zariski dense) Θ-Anosov subgroup of G. Then there exists r > 0 such that, for all ε > 0, there is a finite subset F of Γ such that, for every γ ∈ Γ, there exists f ∈ F such that f γ is (Θ, r, ε)-proximal.
We will also need to control the number of Θ-proximal elements in a conjugacy class.
Let | · | be the word length on Γ associated to a finite set of generators and let d ∞ be a distance on Γ ∪ ∂ ∞ Γ inducing the Gromov topology. For every We call an element γ ∈ Γ η-hyperbolic if γ has an attracting fixed point γ + and a repelling fixed point γ − in ∂ ∞ Γ such that d ∞ (γ − , γ + ) > η. We have the following properties of η-hyperbolic elements: Proposition 2.39. Let Γ be a Gromov hyperbolic group. For every η, η ′ > 0, there exist constants C, C ′ > 0 such that Proof. By construction of the Gromov topology of ∂ ∞ Γ, there is a constant C such that every bi-infinite geodesic in the Cayley graph of Γ with endpoints x, y such that d ∞ (x, y) > η is at distance at most C 2 from the origin 1 Γ (see for instance [CK02, Lemma 7.1]).
The following proposition will allow us to reduce the counting of (Θ, r, ε)-proximal elements to a counting intrinsic to Gromov hyperbolic groups.
For g ∈ SL(n, R) with µ 1 (g) > µ 2 (g), write its Cartan decomposition g = k 1 e µ(g) k 2 and set V − (g) = k −1 2 e ⊥ 1 . One can show the existence of a constant D 1 (depending only on r) such that the projective action of g is D 1 e µ2(g)−µ1(g) -Lipschitz on the set {v ∈ P(R n ) | d P (v, V − (g)) ≥ r}.
We now have all the tools to prove Theorem 2.31.
We thus obtain from which the inequality δ ϕ ≤ h ϕ easily follows. If Γ is not assumed Zariski dense, we can still apply Lemma 2.38 and choose r > 0 for which every element γ ∈ Γ can be made (Θ, r, ε)-proximal by multiplying it by an element f in a finite set. By Corollary 2.36, we do have |ϕ(λ(f γ)) − ϕ(µ(γ))| ≤ C ′ provided that ϕ belongs to W (Θ). The rest of the proof works in a similar way and we eventually obtain the inequality δ ϕ ≤ h ϕ for ϕ ∈ W (Θ).
2.4.1. Critical exponent and tensor product. We conclude this section by discussing the behaviour of the simple root and highest root critical exponents under taking tensor products of representations.
Remark 2.44. Proposition 2.43 is sharp: it is an equality when the highest weight length spectra of ρ 1 and ρ 2 are proportional, which happens for instance when ρ 1 and ρ 2 are tensor powers of the same linear representation.
Applying this to the tensor product of two Fuchsian representations, we obtain Theorem 1.6: Proof of Theorem 1.6 (Assuming Corollary 1.2). Let Γ be the fundamental group of a closed surface and j 1 and j 2 be two Fuchsian representations of Γ into SL(2, R).

Projectively convex cocompact representations.
We now recall some background on projective convex geometry and its relation to Anosov groups. We refer to [DGK17] and [Zim17] for more details.
An open domain Ω of P(R n ) is said to be properly convex if it is convex and bounded in some affine chart. Hilbert constructed a natural projective invariant distance on a properly convex domain in P(R n ). To define it, let us choose an affine chart in which Ω is bounded. Given u and v two points in this affine chart, we denote by uv the length of the segment [u, v].
Definition 2.46. Let x, y be two points in Ω. Let a and b denote respectively the intersections of the half lines [y, x) and [x, y) with ∂Ω. Then the Hilbert distance between x and y is given by This distance actually does not depend on the chosen affine chart (it is essentially the logarithm of a projective cross-ratio), and if a projective transformation maps Ω to Ω ′ , then it induces an isometry between the Hilbert distances of Ω and Ω ′ . In particular, the group of projective transformations preserving Ω acts by isometries for the Hilbert distance.
The Hilbert distance is induced by a Finsler metric for which straight lines are geodesic. We will say that a proper convex domain Ω is Gromov hyperbolic if (Ω, d Ω ) is a hyperbolic metric space in the sense of Gromov. This implies in particular that Ω is strictly convex and has C 1 boundary. Benoist [Ben01] gave more precise characterizations of Gromov hyperbolic convex sets.
Example 2.47. Let Ω ⊂ P(R n ) be the set of lines in R n in restriction to which the quadratic form q : (x 1 , . . . , x n ) → x 2 1 + . . . + x 2 n−1 − x 2 n is negative. The convex set Ω identifies with the symmetric space of the group SO(n− 1, 1) of linear transformations preserving q, that is, the hyperbolic space of dimension n − 1. In that case, the Hilbert distance on Ω is induced by the SO(n − 1, 1)-invariant Riemannian metric of constant curvature −1. In particular, Ω is a Gromov hyperbolic convex domain.
Example 2.48. Let Sym 2 (R k * ) be the space of quadratic forms on R k and let Ω ⊂ P(Sym 2 (R k * )) be the projectivization of the cone of positive definite quadratic forms. Then the group SL(k, R) acts transitively on Ω, and Ω identifies with the symmetric space SL(k, R)/SO(k). In that case, the Hilbert distance on Ω is related to the Cartan projection in the following way: d Ω (x, y) = ε 1 (µ(x, y)) − ε n (µ(x, y)) .
Note that, for k ≥ 3, Ω is not Gromov hyperbolic.
Definition 2.49. Let Γ be a discrete subgroup of SL(n, R) preserving a proper convex domain Ω ⊂ P(R n ).
We say that Γ acts convex-cocompactly 6 on Ω if there exists a non-empty Γinvariant convex subset C ⊂ Ω such that Γ acts properly discontinuously and cocompactly on C.
We say that Γ is strongly projectively convex-cocompact if there is a Gromov hyperbolic convex domain Ω on which it acts convex-cocompactly.
Remark 2.50. The adjective "strongly" is here to distinguish the notion from a weaker notion of convex-cocompactness that includes discrete subgroups that are not hyperbolic.
Example 2.51. If Γ ⊂ SO(n − 1, 1) is a convex-cocompact group of hyperbolic isometries, then it preserves the convex domain Ω ≃ H n−1 introduced in Example 2.47 and acts properly discontinuously on its convex core C ⊂ Ω. It is thus strongly projectively convex-cocompact.
More precisely, we have the following description of the boundary maps ξ and ξ * associated to Γ: Theorem 2.53. [DGK17] Let Γ be a discrete subgroup of SL(n, R) preserving a Gromov hyperbolic convex domain Ω and acting properly discontinuously and cocompactly on a non-empty convex set C ⊂ Ω. Let C denote the closure of C in P(R n ). Then Γ is projective Anosov and • the boundary map ξ is a homeomorphism from ∂ ∞ Γ to C ∩ ∂Ω, • for every x ∈ ∂ ∞ Γ, ξ * (x) is the hyperplane tangent to ∂Ω at ξ(x).
Conversely, Danciger-Guéritaud-Kassel prove that a projective Anosov subgroup of SL(n, R) is strongly projectively convex-cocompact as soon as it preserves a proper convex domain. In particular, we have the following: Theorem 2.54. [DGK17] Let I : SL(n, R) → SL(Sym 2 (R n * )) be the representation given by the action of SL(n, R) on the space of quadratic forms on R n . If Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) is projective Anosov, then I(Γ) ⊂ SL(Sym 2 (R n * )) is strongly projectively convex cocompact.
2.5.2. Symmetric boundary of a divisible convex set. A particular case of strongly projectively convex-cocompact group in SL(n, R) is a group acting properly discontinuously and cocompactly on a Gromov-hyperbolic convex set. Crampon proved that the Hilbert critical exponent of such a group is at most n − 2. we prove here that the Hausdorff dimension of Λ sym Γ equals n − 2, so that our main theorem does recover Crampon's result.
If Γ acts properly discontinuously and cocompactly on a Gromov hyperbolic convex domain Ω, then we have Λ Γ = ∂Ω, Λ * Γ = ∂Ω * (the set of hyperplanes tangent to ∂Ω) and Λ sym More generally, we prove the following: Theorem 2.55. Let Ω be a strictly convex domain of P(R n ) with C 1 boundary. Then Note that, while ∂Ω and ∂Ω * are C 1 spheres of dimension n−2, the homeomorphism x → x * is not C 1 unless ∂Ω is C 2 (which is very constraining for divisble convex sets). It is thus not immediate that its graph has Hausdorff dimension n − 2 in general.
Proof of Theorem 2.55. Fix two distinct points x 0 , x ∞ ∈ ∂Ω, and consider vectors v 0 ∈ x 0 , v ∞ ∈ x ∞ and linear forms Since Ω is strictly convex and has C 1 boundary, under this identification ∂Ω \ {x ∞ } is the graph of a C 1 strictly convex function f : V → R.
Let p 0,∞ : R n → V be the projection with kernel x 0 ⊕ x ∞ , so that we also get an identification of the affine patch P ( Under this identification, the dual point of (u, is just the projection on the first coordinate of a C 1 submanifold of V * × R, so it is C 1 (even though it is the composition of the non C 1 maps is a C 1 isomorphism. It is thus enough to prove that This form is non-degenerate of signature (n − 2, n − 2), and we claim that π(∂Ω sym \ {(y, y * )}) is a spacelike topological submanifold of dimension n − 2, hence a Lipschitz manifold. Indeed, for every u = v ∈ V , we have By strict convexity of f , we have and from which we get The previous computation implies that the orthogonal projection of π( is spacelike, this graph is 1-Lipschitz (when W is endowed with ·, · and W ⊥ with − ·, · ). We thus conclude that π(∂Ω sym \ {(x ∞ , x * ∞ )}) is a Lipschitz manifold of dimension n − 2, hence ∂Ω sym has Hausdorff dimension n − 2.
2.5.3. Hilbert entropy and critical exponent. Let Γ be a discrete subgroup of SL(n, R) preserving a proper convex subset Ω ⊂ P(R n ). Then Γ is a subgroup of isometries of (Ω, d Ω ) where d Ω is the Hilbert distance on Ω. We denote the critical exponent associated to this metric by δ Ω (Γ): Furthermore, if Ω is strictly convex then there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of conjugacy classes [Γ] and the closed geodesics of Ω/Γ. For a conjugacy class [γ] ∈ [Γ] we denote by ℓ Ω (γ) the length of the corresponding closed geodesic for the Hilbert metric on Ω/Γ. The exponential growth of the number of closed geodesics is denoted by h Ω (Γ): The work of Coornaert-Knieper on growth rate of conjugacy classes in Gromov hyperbolic groups has the following consequence: Theorem 2.56 (Coornaert -Knieper, [CK02]). Let Γ be acting convex-cocompactly on a Gromov hyperbolic convex domain Ω ⊂ P(R n ). Then: For any element γ ∈ Γ we can compute the length of the closed geodesic corresponding to [γ] in the quotient manifold. A direct computation shows that γ acts as a translation on the geodesic joining γ − to γ + with translation distance given by ℓ Ω (γ) := 1 2 (λ 1 (γ) − λ n (γ)), hence h Ω (Γ) = 2h 1,n (Γ). Combining this with Theorem 2.56 and Theorem 2.30, we obtain Corollary 2.57. Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be acting convex-cocompactly on a Gromovhyperbolic convex domain Ω ⊂ P(R n ). Then δ Ω (Γ) = h Ω (Γ) = 2h 1,n (Γ) = 2δ 1,n (Γ) .
Theorem 3.1. Let Γ be a strongly projectively convex-cocompact subgroup of SL(n, R). Then we have 2δ 1,n (Γ) ≤ DimH(Λ sym Γ ) The proof is divided into two parts. First, we use the Hilbert distance on a Γinvariant proper convex domain Ω ⊂ P(R n ) to establish the equality between 2δ 1,n (Γ) and the Hausdorff dimension of Λ Γ ⊂ ∂Ω for Gromov's "quasi-distance" on ∂Ω. Then, we compare this quasi-distance with a Riemannian distance on P(R n ) × P(R n * ).

Gromov metric on the boundary.
Let Γ be a strongly projectively convex-cocompact subgroup of SL(n, R). Let Ω be a Γ-invariant Gromov hyperbolic convex domain Ω ⊂ P(R n ) and C ⊂ Ω a closed Γ-invariant subset of Ω on which Γ acts cocompactly. Let d Ω denote the Hilbert distance on Ω.
Recall that Theorem 2.53 states that Λ Γ is the intersection of the closure of C in P(R n ) with ∂Ω and that Λ * Γ is the set of hyperplanes tangent to Ω at a point in Λ Γ . Given x ∈ Ω and ξ, η ∈ ∂Ω, we define the Gromov product (ξ|η) x by where (x k ) and (y k ) are sequences in Ω such that x k → ξ and y k → η.
Definition 3.2. The Gromov quasi-distance between ξ and η is the quantity In general, d x is not quite a distance. However, Gromov proves that d x behaves coarsely like some power of a distance. More precisely: Proposition 3.3 (Gromov). Let (X, d) be a complete Gromov hyperbolic space, and let x ∈ X. For some sufficiently small ε, there exists a constant C > 1 and a distancē d x,ε on ∂ ∞ X such that We can then define the Hausdorff dimension of (∂ ∞ X, d x ) by 7 Proposition 2.1 implies that this definition is independent of the choices of ε and d x,ε . We can apply here the main result of [Coo93]: Theorem 3.4 (Coornaert, [Coo93]). Let (X, d) be a complete Gromov hyperbolic space, and let Γ be a discrete group of isometries that acts cocompactly on X. Fix x ∈ X, and consider the Gromov quasi-distance d x on the visual boundary ∂ ∞ X. Then is the critical exponent of the action of Γ on (X, d).

Gromov distance VS Euclidean distance.
We keep the same notations as in the previous subsection. We now wish to show that DimH(Λ Γ , d x ) ≤ DimH(Λ sym Γ ). For p ∈ ∂Ω, let p * = T p ∂Ω ∈ P(R n * ). The required inequality will easily follow from the following comparison lemma: Lemma 3.6. Given d P and d * P Riemannian distances on P(R n ) and P(R n * ), there is a constant C > 0 such that: First of all, since Ω and Ω * are proper convex sets, we can assume without loss of generality that d P and d * P are Euclidean distances in affine charts in which Ω and Ω * are bounded.
Consider sequences p n ∈ [xp), q n ∈ [xq) that converge to p and q respectively. Consider p − (resp. q − ) the other intersection point between ∂Ω and the projective line (xp) (resp. (xq)). Finally, consider a n , b n ∈ ∂Ω the endpoints of the geodesic joining p n and q n (see Figure 1). We have that: = 1 4 log p − p n · px p − x · pp n · q − q n · qx q − x · qq n · a n p n · b n q n a n q n · b n p n = 1 4 log a n p n · b n q n pp n · qq n + 1 4 log 1 a n q n · b n p n →− log √ d(p,q) This gives us a constant C 1 > 0 such that: e −(pn|qn)x ≤ C 1 √ pq pp n a n p n · qq n b n q n 1 4 In order to deal with the terms ppn anpn and qqn bnqn , we consider the affine plane P p,q containing x, p, q. Note that it also contains all the points defined above.
Denote by a ′ n (resp. b ′ n ) the intersection of the line (p n a n ) with the tangent space to ∂Ω at p. Note that anpn a ′ n pn → 1 as n → +∞, so that we can work with ppn a ′ n pn instead of ppn anpn . Now look at the triangle a ′ n p n p, denote by α n the angle at a ′ n , and θ(p) the angle at p. The latter does not depend on n as it is the angle between the line (xp) and the tangent line T p ∂Ω ∩ P p,q (see Figure 2). The law of sines gives us ppn a ′ n pn = sin αn sin θ(p) . We now consider the triangle b ′ n q n q, and denote by β n the angle at b ′ n , and ϕ(q) the angle at q. Just as in the previous case, we get qqn b ′ n qn = sin βn sin ϕ(q) . We now find: Notice that the sequence (α n ) (resp. (β n )) has a limit α(p, q) (resp. β(p, q)) which is the angle at p (resp. at q) between the line (pq) and T p ∂Ω∩P p,q (resp. T q ∂Ω∩P p,q ). Figure 2.
We thus obtain: The function θ is continuous on the compact set ∂Ω (because Ω has C 1 boundary), and never vanishes (because x is in the interior of Ω), hence is bounded away from 0. The same goes for ϕ (notice that ϕ(q) = π − θ(q)), and we can thus find a constant C 2 > 0 such that: d x (p, q) ≤ C 2 √ pq(α(p, q)β(p, q)) 1 4 . Consider now the exterior angle γ(p, q) between the lines T p ∂Ω ∩ P p,q and T q ∂Ω ∩ P p,q . Notice that we have α(p, q)+β(p, q) = γ(p, q). Using the inequality between arithmetic and geometric means, we deduce: Finally, there is a constant C 3 such that the angle γ(p, q) between the lines p * ∩P p,q and q * ∩ P p,q is smaller than C 3 d * (p * , q * ). This gives the desired inequality.
Let us now conclude the proof of Theorem 3.1.

Upper bound
In this section we prove the upper inequality for the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of a general projective Anosov subgroup: Theorem 4.1. Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a projective Anosov subgroup. Then Applying this theorem to ρ(Γ) where ρ : SL(n, R) → SL(R n ⊗ R n * ) is the tensor product of the standard representation with its dual, we obtain the a priori stronger inequality: Corollary 4.2. Let Γ ⊂ SL(n, R) be a projective Anosov subgroup. Then DimH(Λ sym Γ ) ≤ δ 1,2 (Γ) . Proof of Corollary 4.2 assuming Theorem 4.1. Let ρ : SL(n, R) → SL(R n ⊗ R n * ) denote the tensor product of the standard representation with its adjoint. Recall that we have Λ ρ(Γ) = Λ sym Γ .
Let us now turn to the proof of Theorem 4.1. The main technical tool for the proof is Lemma 4.3 that quantifies the distortion of balls by proximal elements. The second part of the proof presents a covering of the limit set by images of a fixed ball in order to obtain the upper bound.

Distortion of balls by proximal elements.
As in Section 2.4, we endow P(R n ) with the Riemannian distance d P that lifts to the round metric on S n−1 . Recall that an element g ∈ SL(n, R) is proximal if it has an attracting fixed point in P(R n ). We denote this attracting point by L + (g) and the hyperplane complement of its basin of attraction by H − (g). If d P (L + (g), H − (g)) > r, then for every ε > 0 there exists k ∈ N such that g k is (r, ε)-proximal (see definition 2.33).
The following lemma states that the contraction of a proximal element g near its attracting fixed point is controlled by e (µ2−µ1)(g) . Lemma 4.3. For every r > 0, there exists ε > 0 and a constant C > 0 such that every (2r, ε)-proximal matrix g ∈ SL(n, R) is Ce (µ2−µ1)(g) -Lipschitz on B(L + (g), r).
Proof. The proof is similar to that of Lemma 2.35.
In order to bound the Hausdorff dimension of a set from above, it is sufficient to find a cover of this set by sufficiently small balls. We will show in Lemma 4.5 that Λ Γ can be covered by translates of a ball by some particular proximal elements. Let x, y be two distinct points of Λ Γ . By transversality of the boundary maps, there exists r > 0 such that, for all x ′ ∈ ξ −1 (B(x, r)) and all y ′ ∈ ξ −1 (B(y, r)), we have d P (ξ(x ′ ), ξ * (y ′ )) > 6r . Denote respectively by U and V the preimages of B(x, r) and B(y, r) by ξ. Note that U and V are neighbourhoods of ξ −1 (x) and ξ −1 (y) respectively.
Proof. Set O ε = ∪ γ∈Γε γ · B(x, r). By definition, it is a Γ ε -invariant open subset of B(x, r). Moreover, Λ Γ ∩ O ε is non-empty since it contains Γ ε · x. The set C ε = Λ Γ ∩ (B(x, r) \ O ε ) is closed in B(x, r) and Γ ε -invariant. We want to prove that C ε is empty. Assume by contradiction that it is not the case, and pick c ∈ ξ −1 (C ε ).
We now have all the tools to prove Theorem 4.1.
Proof of Theorem 4.1. By compactness of Λ Γ it is sufficient to prove that, for all x ∈ Λ Γ , there exists r > 0 such that the Hausdorff dimension of Λ Γ ∩ B(x, r) is less than δ 1,2 (Γ).
Given such and x, let us fix y, r, U , and V as before. Let C > 0 be given by Lemma 4.3.